\chapter{ICR conversion} % -*- Dictionary: design -*-


\section{Canonical forms}

\#|

Would be useful to have a Freeze-Type proclamation.  Its primary use would be
to say that the indicated type won't acquire any new subtypes in the future.
This allows better open-coding of structure type predicates, since the possible
types that would satisfy the predicate will be constant at compile time, and
thus can be compiled as a skip-chain of EQ tests.  

Of course, this is only a big win when the subtypes are few: the most important
case is when there are none.  If the closure of the subtypes is much larger
than the average number of supertypes of an inferior, then it is better to grab
the list of superiors out of the object's type, and test for membership in that
list.

Should type-specific numeric equality be done by EQL rather than =?  i.e.
should = on two fixnums become EQL and then convert to EQL/FIXNUM?
Currently we transform EQL into =, which is complicated, since we have to prove
the operands are the class of numeric type before we do it.  Also, when EQL
sees one operand is a FIXNUM, it transforms to EQ, but the generator for EQ
isn't expecting numbers, so it doesn't use an immediate compare.


\subsection{Array hackery}

Array type tests are transformed to \verb|%array-typep|, separation of the
implementation-dependent array-type handling.  This way we can transform
STRINGP to:

\begin{verbatim}
     (or (simple-string-p x)
	 (and (complex-array-p x)
	      (= (array-rank x) 1)
	      (simple-string-p (%array-data x))))  
\end{verbatim}

In addition to the similar bit-vector-p, we also handle vectorp and any type
tests on which the a dimension isn't wild.
[Note that we will want to expand into frobs compatible with those that
array references expand into so that the same optimizations will work on both.]

These changes combine to convert hairy type checks into hairy typep's, and then
convert hairyp typeps into simple typeps.


Do we really need non-VOP templates? It seems that we could get the
desired effect through implementation-dependent ICR transforms. The
main risk would be of obscuring the type semantics of the code. We
could fairly easily retain all the type information present at the
time the tranform is run, but if we discover new type information,
then it won't be propagated unless the VM also supplies type inference
methods for its internal frobs (precluding the use of
\verb|%PRIMITIVE|, since primitives don't have derive-type methods.)

I guess one possibility would be to have the call still considered "known" even
though it has been transformed.  But this doesn't work, since we start doing
LET optimizations that trash the arglist once the call has been transformed
(and indeed we want to.)

Actually, I guess the overhead for providing type inference methods for the
internal frobs isn't that great, since we can usually borrow the inference
method for a Common Lisp function.  For example, in our AREF case:

\begin{verbatim}
    (aref x y)
==>
    (let ((#:len (array-dimension x 0)))
      (%unchecked-aref x (%check-in-bounds y #:len)))  
\end{verbatim}

Now in this case, if we made \verb|%UNCHECKED-AREF| have the same
derive-type method as AREF, then if we discovered something new about
X's element type, we could derive a new type for the entire
expression.

Actually, it seems that baring this detail at the ICR level is
beneficial, since it admits the possibility of optimizing away the bounds
check using type information. If we discover X's dimensions, then
\verb|#:LEN| becomes a constant that can be substituted. Then
\verb|%CHECK-IN-BOUNDS| can notice that the bound is constant and
check it against the type for Y. If Y is known to be in range, then we
can optimize away the bounds check.

Actually in this particular case, the best thing to do would be if we
discovered the bound is constant, then replace the bounds check with an
implicit type check.  This way all the type check optimization mechanisms would
be brought into the act.

So we actually want to do the bounds-check expansion as soon as possible,
rather than later than possible: it should be a source-transform, enabled by
the fast-safe policy.

With multi-dimensional arrays we probably want to explicitly do the index
computation: this way portions of the index computation can become loop
invariants.  In a scan in row-major order, the inner loop wouldn't have to do
any multiplication: it would only do an addition.  We would use normal
fixnum arithmetic, counting on * to cleverly handle multiplication by a
constant, and appropriate inline expansion.

Note that in a source transform, we can't make any assumptions the type of the
array.  If it turns out to be a complex array without declared dimensions, then
the calls to ARRAY-DIMENSION will have to turn into a VOP that can be affected.
But if it is simple, then the VOP is unaffected, and if we know the bounds, it
is constant.  Similarly, we would have %ARRAY-DATA and %ARRAY-DISPLACEMENT
operations.  %ARRAY-DISPLACEMENT would optimize to 0 if we discover the array
is simple.  [This is somewhat inefficient when the array isn't eventually
discovered to be simple, since finding the data and finding the displacement
duplicate each other.  We could make %ARRAY-DATA return both as MVs, and then
optimize to (VALUES (%SIMPLE-ARRAY-DATA x) 0), but this would require
optimization of trivial VALUES uses.]

Also need (THE (ARRAY * * * ...) x) to assert correct rank.

|\#

A bunch of functions have source transforms that convert them into the
canonical form that later parts of the compiler want to see.  It is not legal
to rely on the canonical form since source transforms can be inhibited by a
Notinline declaration.  This shouldn't be a problem, since everyone should keep
their hands off of Notinline calls.

Some transformations:
\begin{verbatim}
Endp  ==>  (NULL (THE LIST ...))
(NOT xxx) or (NULL xxx) => (IF xxx NIL T)

(typep x '<simple type>) => (<simple predicate> x)
(typep x '<complex type>) => ...composition of simpler operations...
\end{verbatim}

TYPEP of AND, OR and NOT types turned into conditionals over multiple TYPEP
calls.  This makes hairy TYPEP calls more digestible to type constraint
propagation, and also means that the TYPEP code generators don't have to deal
with these cases.  [\#\#\# In the case of union types we may want to do something
to preserve information for type constraint propagation.]


\begin{verbatim}
    (apply \#'foo a b c)
==>
    (multiple-value-call \#'foo (values a) (values b) (values-list c))
\end{verbatim}

This way only MV-CALL needs to know how to do calls with unknown numbers of
arguments.  It should be nearly as efficient as a special-case VMR-Convert
method could be.


\begin{verbatim}
Make-String => Make-Array
N-arg predicates associated into two-arg versions.
Associate N-arg arithmetic ops.
Expand CxxxR and FIRST...nTH
Zerop, Plusp, Minusp, 1+, 1-, Min, Max, Rem, Mod
(Values x), (Identity x) => (Prog1 x)

All specialized aref functions => (aref (the xxx) ...)
\end{verbatim}

Convert (ldb (byte ...) ...) into internal frob that takes size and position as
separate args.  Other byte functions also...

Change for-value primitive predicates into \verb+(if <pred> t nil)+.  This isn't
particularly useful during ICR phases, but makes life easy for VMR conversion.


This last can't be a source transformation, since a source transform can't tell
where the form appears.  Instead, ICR conversion special-cases calls to known
functions with the Predicate attribute by doing the conversion when the
destination of the result isn't an IF.  It isn't critical that this never be
done for predicates that we ultimately discover to deliver their value to an
IF, since IF optimizations will flush unnecessary IFs in a predicate.


\section{Inline functions}

[\#\#\# Inline expansion is especially powerful in the presence of good lisp-level
optimization ("partial evaluation").  Many "optimizations" usually done in Lisp
compilers by special-case source-to-source transforms can be had simply by
making the source of the general case function available for inline expansion.
This is especially helpful in Common Lisp, which has many commonly used
functions with simple special cases but bad general cases (list and sequence
functions, for example.)

Inline expansion of recursive functions is allowed, and is not as silly as it
sounds.  When expanded in a specific context, much of the overhead of the
recursive calls may be eliminated (especially if there are many keyword
arguments, etc.)

[Also have MAYBE-INLINE]
]

We only record a function's inline expansion in the global environment when the
function is in the null lexical environment, since the expansion must be
represented as source.

We do inline expansion of functions locally defined by FLET or LABELS even when
the environment is not null.  Since the appearances of the local function must
be nested within the desired environment, it is possible to expand local
functions inline even when they use the environment.  We just stash the source
form and environments in the Functional for the local function.  When we
convert a call to it, we just reconvert the source in the saved environment.

An interesting alternative to the inline/full-call dichotomy is "semi-inline"
coding.  Whenever we have an inline expansion for a function, we can expand it
only once per block compilation, and then use local call to call this copied
version.  This should get most of the speed advantage of real inline coding
with much less code bloat.  This is especially attractive for simple system
functions such as Read-Char.

The main place where true inline expansion would still be worth doing is where
large amounts of the function could be optimized away by constant folding or
other optimizations that depend on the exact arguments to the call.



\section{Compilation policy}

We want more sophisticated control of compilation safety than is offered in CL,
so that we can emit only those type checks that are likely to discover
something (i.e. external interfaces.)



\section{Notes}

Generalized back-end notion provides dynamic retargeting?  (for byte code)

The current node type annotations seem to be somewhat unsatisfactory, since we
lose information when we do a THE on a continuation that already has uses, or
when we convert a let where the actual result continuation has other uses.  

But the case with THE isn't really all that bad, since the test of whether
there are any uses happens before conversion of the argument, thus THE loses
information only when there are uses outside of the declared form.  The LET
case may not be a big deal either.

Note also that losing user assertions isn't really all that bad, since it won't
damage system integrity.  At worst, it will cause a bug to go undetected.  More
likely, it will just cause the error to be signaled in a different place (and
possibly in a less informative way).  Of course, there is an efficiency hit for
losing type information, but if it only happens in strange cases, then this
isn't a big deal.


\chapter{Local call analysis}

All calls to local functions (known named functions and LETs) are resolved to
the exact LAMBDA node which is to be called.  If the call is syntactically
illegal, then we emit a warning and mark the reference as :notinline, forcing
the call to be a full call.  We don't even think about converting APPLY calls;
APPLY is not special-cased at all in ICR.  We also take care not to convert
calls in the top-level component, which would join it to normal code.  Calls to
functions with rest args and calls with non-constant keywords are also not
converted.

We also convert MV-Calls that look like MULTIPLE-VALUE-BIND to local calls,
since we know that they can be open-coded.  We replace the optional dispatch
with a call to the last optional entry point, letting MV-Call magically default
the unsupplied values to NIL.

When ICR optimizations discover a possible new local call, they explicitly
invoke local call analysis on the code that needs to be reanalyzed. 

[\#\#\# Let conversion.  What it means to be a let.  Argument type checking done
by caller.  Significance of local call is that all callers are known, so
special call conventions may be used.]
A lambda called in only one place is called a "let" call, since a Let would
turn into one.

In addition to enabling various ICR optimizations, the let/non-let distinction
has important environment significance.  We treat the code in function and all
of the lets called by that function as being in the same environment.  This
allows exits from lets to be treated as local exits, and makes life easy for
environment analysis.  

Since we will let-convert any function with only one call, we must be careful
about cleanups.  It is possible that a lexical exit from the let function may
have to clean up dynamic bindings not lexically apparent at the exit point.  We
handle this by annotating lets with any cleanup in effect at the call site.
The cleanup for continuations with no immediately enclosing cleanup is the
lambda that the continuation is in.  In this case, we look at the lambda to see
if any cleanups need to be done.

Let conversion is disabled for entry-point functions, since otherwise we might
convert the call from the XEP to the entry point into a let.  Then later on, we
might want to convert a non-local reference into a local call, and not be able
to, since once a function has been converted to a let, we can't convert it
back.


A function's return node may also be deleted if it is unreachable, which can
happen if the function never returns normally.  Such functions are not lets.


\chapter{Find components}

This is a post-pass to ICR conversion that massages the flow graph into the
shape subsequent phases expect.  Things done:
  Compute the depth-first ordering for the flow graph.
  Find the components (disconnected parts) of the flow graph.

This pass need only be redone when newly converted code has been added to the
flow graph.  The reanalyze flag in the component structure should be set by
people who mess things up.

We create the initial DFO using a variant of the basic algorithm.  The initial
DFO computation breaks the ICR up into components, which are parts that can be
compiled independently.  This is done to increase the efficiency of large block
compilations.  In addition to improving locality of reference and reducing the
size of flow analysis problems, this allows back-end data structures to be
reclaimed after the compilation of each component.

ICR optimization can change the connectivity of the flow graph by discovering
new calls or eliminating dead code.  Initial DFO determination splits up the
flow graph into separate components, but does so conservatively, ensuring that
parts that might become joined (due to local call conversion) are joined from
the start.  Initial DFO computation also guarantees that all code which shares
a lexical environment is in the same component so that environment analysis
needs to operate only on a single component at a time.

[This can get a bit hairy, since code seemingly reachable from the
environment entry may be reachable from a NLX into that environment.  Also,
function references must be considered as links joining components even though
the flow graph doesn't represent these.]

After initial DFO determination, components are neither split nor joined.  The
standard DFO computation doesn't attempt to split components that have been
disconnected.


\chapter{ICR optimize}

{\bf Somewhere describe basic ICR utilities: continuation-type,
constant-continuation-p, etc.  Perhaps group by type in ICR description?}

We are conservative about doing variable-for-variable substitution in ICR
optimization, since if we substitute a variable with a less restrictive type,
then we may prevent use of a "good" representation within the scope of the
inner binding.

Note that variable-variable substitutions aren't really crucial in ICR, since
they don't create opportunities for new optimizations (unlike substitution of
constants and functions).  A spurious variable-variable binding will show up as
a Move operation in VMR.  This can be optimized away by reaching-definitions
and also by targeting.  [\#\#\# But actually, some optimizers do see if operands
are the same variable.]

\#|

The IF-IF optimization can be modeled as a value driven optimization, since
adding a use definitely is cause for marking the continuation for
reoptimization.  [When do we add uses?  Let conversion is the only obvious
time.]  I guess IF-IF conversion could also be triggered by a non-immediate use
of the test continuation becoming immediate, but to allow this to happen would
require Delete-Block (or somebody) to mark block-starts as needing to be
reoptimized when a predecessor changes.  It's not clear how important it is
that IF-IF conversion happen under all possible circumstances, as long as it
happens to the obvious cases.

[\#\#\# It isn't totally true that code flushing never enables other worthwhile
optimizations.  Deleting a functional reference can cause a function to cease
being an XEP, or even trigger let conversion.  It seems we still want to flush
code during ICR optimize, but maybe we want to interleave it more intimately
with the optimization pass.  

Ref-flushing works just as well forward as backward, so it could be done in the
forward pass.  Call flushing doesn't work so well, but we could scan the block
backward looking for any new flushable stuff if we flushed a call on the
forward pass.

When we delete a variable due to lack of references, we leave the variable
in the lambda-list so that positional references still work.  The initial value
continuation is flushed, though (replaced with NIL) allowing the initial value
for to be deleted (modulo side-effects.)

Note that we can delete vars with no refs even when they have sets.  I guess
when there are no refs, we should also flush all sets, allowing the value
expressions to be flushed as well.

Squeeze out single-reference unset let variables by changing the dest of the
initial value continuation to be the node that receives the ref.  This can be
done regardless of what the initial value form is, since we aren't actually
moving the evaluation.  Instead, we are in effect using the continuation's
locations in place of the temporary variable.  

Doing this is of course, a wild violation of stack discipline, since the ref
might be inside a loop, etc.  But with the VMR back-end, we only need to
preserve stack discipline for unknown-value continuations; this ICR
transformation must be already inhibited when the DEST of the REF is a
multiple-values receiver (EXIT, RETURN or MV-COMBINATION), since we must
preserve the single-value semantics of the let-binding in this case.

The REF and variable must be deleted as part of this operation, since the ICR
would otherwise be left in an inconsistent state; we can't wait for the REF to
be deleted due to being unused, since we have grabbed the arg continuation and
substituted it into the old DEST.

The big reason for doing this transformation is that in macros such as INCF and
PSETQ, temporaries are squeezed out, and the new value expression is evaluated
directly to the setter, allowing any result type assertion to be applied to the
expression evaluation.  Unlike in the case of substitution, there is no point
in inhibiting this transformation when the initial value type is weaker than
the variable type.  Instead, we intersect the asserted type for the old REF's
CONT with the type assertion on the initial value continuation.  Note that the
variable's type has already been asserted on the initial-value continuation.

Of course, this transformation also simplifies the ICR even when it doesn't
discover interesting type assertions, so it makes sense to do it whenever
possible.  This reduces the demands placed on register allocation, etc.


There are three dead-code flushing rules:

\begin{enumerate}
\item Refs with no DEST may be flushed.

\item Known calls with no dest that are flushable may be flushed.  We null the
DEST in all the args.

\item If a lambda-var has no refs, then it may be deleted. The flushed
    argument continuations have their DEST nulled.
\end{enumerate}

These optimizations all enable one another.  We scan blocks backward, looking
for nodes whose CONT has no DEST, then type-dispatching off of the node.  If we
delete a ref, then we check to see if it is a lambda-var with no refs.  When we
flush an argument, we mark the blocks for all uses of the CONT as needing to be
reoptimized.


\section{Goals for ICR optimizations}

\#|

When an optimization is disabled, code should still be correct and not
ridiculously inefficient.  Phases shouldn't be made mandatory when they have
lots of non-required stuff jammed into them.

|\#

This pass is optional, but is desirable if anything is more important than
compilation speed.

This phase is a grab-bag of optimizations that concern themselves with the flow
of values through the code representation.  The main things done are type
inference, constant folding and dead expression elimination.  This phase can be
understood as a walk of the expression tree that propagates assertions down the
tree and propagates derived information up the tree.  The main complication is
that there isn't any expression tree, since ICR is flow-graph based.

We repeat this pass until we don't discover anything new.  This is a bit of
feat, since we dispatch to arbitrary functions which may do arbitrary things,
making it hard to tell if anything really happened.  Even if we solve this
problem by requiring people to flag when they changed or by checking to see if
they changed something, there are serious efficiency problems due to massive
redundant computation, since in many cases the only way to tell if anything
changed is to recompute the value and see if it is different from the old one.

We solve this problem by requiring that optimizations for a node only depend on
the properties of the CONT and the continuations that have the node as their
DEST.  If the continuations haven't changed since the last pass, then we don't
attempt to re-optimize the node, since we know nothing interesting will happen.

We keep track of which continuations have changed by a REOPTIMIZE flag that is
set whenever something about the continuation's value changes.

When doing the bottom up pass, we dispatch to type specific code that knows how
to tell when a node needs to be reoptimized and does the optimization.  These
node types are special-cased: COMBINATION, IF, RETURN, EXIT, SET.

The REOPTIMIZE flag in the COMBINATION-FUN is used to detect when the function
information might have changed, so that we know when there are new assertions
that could be propagated from the function type to the arguments.

When we discover something about a leaf, or substitute for leaf, we reoptimize
the CONT for all the REF and SET nodes. 

We have flags in each block that indicate when any nodes or continuations in
the block need to be re-optimized, so we don't have to scan blocks where there
is no chance of anything happening.

It is important for efficiency purposes that optimizers never say that they did
something when they didn't, but this by itself doesn't guarantee timely
termination.  I believe that with the type system implemented, type inference
will converge in finite time, but as a practical matter, it can take far too
long to discover not much.  For this reason, ICR optimization is terminated
after three consecutive passes that don't add or delete code.  This premature
termination only happens 2\% of the time.


\section{Flow graph simplification}

Things done:

\begin{itemize}
\item Delete blocks with no predecessors.
\item Merge blocks that can be merged.
\item Convert local calls to Let calls.
\item Eliminate degenerate IFs.
\end{itemize}

We take care not to merge blocks that are in different functions or have
different cleanups.  This guarantees that non-local exits are always at block
ends and that cleanup code never needs to be inserted within a block.

We eliminate IFs with identical consequent and alternative.  This would most
likely happen if both the consequent and alternative were optimized away.

[Could also be done if the consequent and alternative were different blocks,
but computed the same value.  This could be done by a sort of cross-jumping
optimization that looked at the predecessors for a block and merged code shared
between predecessors.  IFs with identical branches would eventually be left
with nothing in their branches.]

We eliminate IF-IF constructs:

\begin{verbatim}
    (IF (IF A B C) D E) ==>
    (IF A (IF B D E) (IF C D E))
\end{verbatim}

In reality, what we do is replicate blocks containing only an IF node where the
predicate continuation is the block start.  We make one copy of the IF node for
each use, leaving the consequent and alternative the same.  If you look at the
flow graph representation, you will see that this is really the same thing as
the above source to source transformation.


\section{Forward ICR optimizations}

In the forward pass, we scan the code in forward depth-first order.  We
examine each call to a known function, and:

\begin{itemize}
\item Eliminate any bindings for unused variables.

\item Do top-down type assertion propagation.  In local calls, we propagate
asserted and derived types between the call and the called lambda.

\item
    Replace calls of foldable functions with constant arguments with the
    result.  We don't have to actually delete the call node, since Top-Down
    optimize will delete it now that its value is unused.
 
\item
   Run any Optimizer for the current function.  The optimizer does arbitrary
    transformations by hacking directly on the IR.  This is useful primarily
    for arithmetic simplification and similar things that may need to examine
    and modify calls other than the current call.  The optimizer is responsible
    for recording any changes that it makes.  An optimizer can inhibit further
    optimization of the node during the current pass by returning true.  This
    is useful when deleting the node.

\item
   Do ICR transformations, replacing a global function call with equivalent
    inline lisp code.

\item
    Do bottom-up type propagation/inferencing.  For some functions such as
    Coerce we will dispatch to a function to find the result type.  The
    Derive-Type function just returns a type structure, and we check if it is
    different from the old type in order to see if there was a change.

\item
    Eliminate IFs with predicates known to be true or false.

\item
    Substitute the value for unset let variables that are bound to constants,
    unset lambda variables or functionals.

\item
    Propagate types from local call args to var refs.
\end{itemize}

We use type info from the function continuation to find result types for
functions that don't have a derive-type method.


\subsection{ICR transformation}

ICR transformation does ``source to source" transformations on known global
functions, taking advantage of semantic information such as argument types and
constant arguments.  Transformation is optional, but should be done if speed or
space is more important than compilation speed.  Transformations which increase
space should pass when space is more important than speed.

A transform is actually an inline function call where the function is computed
at compile time.  The transform gets to peek at the continuations for the
arguments, and computes a function using the information gained.  Transforms
should be cautious about directly using the values of constant continuations,
since the compiler must preserve eqlness of named constants, and it will have a
hard time if transforms go around randomly copying constants.

The lambda that the transform computes replaces the original function variable
reference as the function for the call.  This lets the compiler worry about
evaluating each argument once in the right order.  We want to be careful to
preserve type information when we do a transform, since it may be less than
obvious what the transformed code does.

There can be any number of transforms for a function.  Each transform is
associated with a function type that the call must be compatible with.  A
transform is only invoked if the call has the right type.  This provides a way
to deal with the common case of a transform that only applies when the
arguments are of certain types and some arguments are not specified.  We always
use the derived type when determining whether a transform is applicable.  Type
check is responsible for setting the derived type to the intersection of the
asserted and derived types.

If the code in the expansion has insufficient explicit or implicit argument
type checking, then it should cause checks to be generated by making
declarations.

A transformation may decide to pass if it doesn't like what it sees when it
looks at the args.  The Give-Up function unwinds out of the transform and deals
with complaining about inefficiency if speed is more important than brevity.
The format args for the message are arguments to Give-Up.  If a transform can't
be done, we just record the message where ICR finalize can find it.  note.  We
can't complain immediately, since it might get transformed later on.


\section{Backward ICR optimizations}

In the backward pass, we scan each block in reverse order, and
eliminate any effectless nodes with unused values.  In ICR this is the
only way that code is deleted other than the elimination of unreachable blocks.


\chapter{Type checking}

%  Somehow split this section up into three parts:
%  -- Conceptual: how we know a check is necessary, and who is responsible for
%     doing checks.
%  -- Incremental: intersection of derived and asserted types, checking for
%     non-subtype relationship.
%  -- Check generation phase.

We need to do a pretty good job of guessing when a type check will ultimately
need to be done.  Generic arithmetic, for example: In the absence of
declarations, we will use the safe variant, but if we don't know this, we
will generate a check for NUMBER anyway.  We need to look at the fast-safe
templates and guess if any of them could apply.

We compute a function type from the VOP arguments
and assertions on those arguments.  This can be used with Valid-Function-Use
to see which templates do or might apply to a particular call.  If we guess
that a safe implementation will be used, then we mark the continuation so as to
force a safe implementation to be chosen.  [This will happen if ICR optimize
doesn't run to completion, so the ICR optimization after type check generation
can discover new type information.  Since we won't redo type check at that
point, there could be a call that has applicable unsafe templates, but isn't
type checkable.]

[\#\#\# A better and more general optimization of structure type checks: in type
check conversion, we look at the *original derived* type of the continuation:
if the difference between the proven type and the asserted type is a simple
type check, then check for the negation of the difference.  e.g. if we want a
FOO and we know we've got (OR FOO NULL), then test for (NOT NULL).  This is a
very important optimization for linked lists of structures, but can also apply
in other situations.]

If after ICR phases, we have a continuation with check-type set in a context
where it seems likely a check will be emitted, and the type is too 
hairy to be easily checked (i.e. no CHECK-xxx VOP), then we do a transformation
on the ICR equivalent to:

\begin{verbatim}
  (... (the hair <foo>) ...)
==>
  (... (funcall \#'(lambda (\#:val)
		    (if (typep \#:val 'hair)
			\#:val
			(%type-check-error \#:val 'hair)))
		<foo>)
       ...)
\end{verbatim}
This way, we guarantee that VMR conversion never has to emit type checks for
hairy types.

[Actually, we need to do a MV-bind and several type checks when there is a MV
continuation.  And some values types are just too hairy to check.  We really
can't check any assertion for a non-fixed number of values, since there isn't
any efficient way to bind arbitrary numbers of values.  (could be done with
MV-call of a more-arg function, I guess...)
]

[Perhaps only use CHECK-xxx VOPs for types equivalent to a ptype?  Exceptions
for CONS and SYMBOL?  Anyway, no point in going to trouble to implement and
emit rarely used CHECK-xxx vops.]

One potential lose in converting a type check to explicit conditionals rather
than to a CHECK-xxx VOP is that VMR code motion optimizations won't be able to
do anything.  This shouldn't be much of an issue, though, since type constraint
propagation has already done global optimization of type checks.


This phase is optional, but should be done if anything is more important than
compile speed.  

Type check is responsible for reconciling the continuation asserted and derived
types, emitting type checks if appropriate.  If the derived type is a subtype
of the asserted type, then we don't need to do anything.

If there is no intersection between the asserted and derived types, then there
is a manifest type error.  We print a warning message, indicating that
something is almost surely wrong.  This will inhibit any transforms or
generators that care about their argument types, yet also inhibits further
error messages, since NIL is a subtype of every type.

If the intersection is not null, then we set the derived type to the
intersection of the asserted and derived types and set the Type-Check flag in
the continuation.  We always set the flag when we can't prove that the type
assertion is satisfied, regardless of whether we will ultimately actually emit
a type check or not.  This is so other phases such as type constraint
propagation can use the Type-Check flag to detect an interesting type
assertion, instead of having to duplicate much of the work in this phase.  
[\#\#\# 7 extremely random values for CONTINUATION-TYPE-CHECK.]

Type checks are generated on the fly during VMR conversion.  When VMR
conversion generates the check, it prints an efficiency note if speed is
important.  We don't flame now since type constraint progpagation may decide
that the check is unnecessary.  [\#\#\# Not done now, maybe never.]

In local function call, it is the caller that is in effect responsible for
checking argument types.  This happens in the same way as any other type check,
since ICR optimize propagates the declared argument types to the type
assertions for the argument continuations in all the calls.

Since the types of arguments to entry points are unknown at compile time, we
want to do runtime checks to ensure that the incoming arguments are of the
correct type.  This happens without any special effort on the part of type
check, since the XEP is represented as a local call with unknown type
arguments.  These arguments will be marked as needing to be checked.


\chapter{Constraint propagation}

New lambda-var-slot:

constraints: a list of all the constraints on this var for either X or Y.

How to maintain consistency?  Does it really matter if there are constraints
with deleted vars lying around?  Note that whatever mechanism we use for
getting the constraints in the first place should tend to keep them up to date.
Probably we would define optimizers for the interesting relations that look at
their CONT's dest and annotate it if it is an IF.

But maybe it is more trouble then it is worth trying to build up the set of
constraints during ICR optimize (maintaining consistency in the process).
Since ICR optimize iterates a bunch of times before it converges, we would be
wasting time recomputing the constraints, when nobody uses them till constraint
propagation runs.  

It seems that the only possible win is if we re-ran constraint propagation
(which we might want to do.)  In that case, we wouldn't have to recompute all
the constraints from scratch.  But it seems that we could do this just as well
by having ICR optimize invalidate the affected parts of the constraint
annotation, rather than trying to keep them up to date.  This also fits better
with the optional nature of constraint propagation, since we don't want ICR
optimize to commit to doing a lot of the work of constraint propagation.  

For example, we might have a per-block flag indicating that something happened
in that block since the last time constraint propagation ran.  We might have
different flags to represent the distinction between discovering a new type
assertion inside the block and discovering something new about an if
predicate, since the latter would be cheaper to update and probably is more
common.

It's fairly easy to see how we can build these sets of restrictions and
propagate them using flow analysis, but actually using this information seems
a bit more ad-hoc.  

Probably the biggest thing we do is look at all the refs.  If we have proven that
the value is EQ (EQL for a number) to some other leaf (constant or lambda-var),
then we can substitute for that reference.  In some cases, we will want to do
special stuff depending on the DEST.  If the dest is an IF and we proved (not
null), then we can substitute T.  And if the dest is some relation on the same
two lambda-vars, then we want to see if we can show that relation is definitely
true or false.

Otherwise, we can do our best to invert the set of restrictions into a type.
Since types hold only constant info, we have to ignore any constraints between
two vars.  We can make some use of negated type restrictions by using
TYPE-DIFFERENCE to remove the type from the ref types.  If our inferred type is
as good as the type assertion, then the continuation's type-check flag will be
cleared.

It really isn't much of a problem that we don't infer union types on joins,
since union types are relatively easy to derive without using flow information.
The normal bottom-up type inference done by ICR optimize does this for us: it
annotates everything with the union of all of the things it might possibly be.
Then constraint propagation subtracts out those types that can't be in effect
because of predicates or checks.



This phase is optional, but is desirable if anything is more important than
compilation speed.  We use an algorithm similar to available expressions to
propagate variable type information that has been discovered by implicit or
explicit type tests, or by type inference.

We must do a pre-pass which locates set closure variables, since we cannot do
flow analysis on such variables.  We set a flag in each set closure variable so
that we can quickly tell that it is losing when we see it again.  Although this
may seem to be wastefully redundant with environment analysis, the overlap
isn't really that great, and the cost should be small compared to that of the
flow analysis that we are preparing to do.  [Or we could punt on set
variables...]

A type constraint is a structure that includes sset-element and has
the type and variable. [Also a not-p flag indicating whether the sense
is negated.]

Each variable has a list of its type constraints. We create a type
constraint when we see a type test or check. If there is already a
constraint for the same variable and type, then we just re-use it. If
there is already a weaker constraint, then we generate both the weak
constraints and the strong constraint so that the weak constraints
won't be lost even if the strong one is unavailable.

We find all the distinct type constraints for each variable during the pre-pass
over the lambda nesting.  Each constraint has a list of the weaker constraints
so that we can easily generate them.

Every block generates all the type constraints in it, but a constraint is
available in a successor only if it is available in all predecessors.  We
determine the actual type constraint for a variable at a block by intersecting
all the available type constraints for that variable.

This isn't maximally tense when there are constraints that are not
hierarchically related, e.g. (or a b) (or b c).  If these constraints were
available from two predecessors, then we could infer that we have an (or a b c)
constraint, but the above algorithm would come up with none.  This probably
isn't a big problem.

[\#\#\# Do we want to deal with \verb+(if (eq <var> '<foo>) ...)+ indicating singleton
member type?]

We detect explicit type tests by looking at type test annotation in the IF
node.  If there is a type check, the OUT sets are stored in the node, with
different sets for the consequent and alternative.  Implicit type checks are
located by finding Ref nodes whose Cont has the Type-Check flag set.  We don't
actually represent the GEN sets, we just initialize OUT to it, and then form
the union in place.

When we do the post-pass, we clear the Type-Check flags in the continuations
for Refs when we discover that the available constraints satisfy the asserted
type.  Any explicit uses of typep should be cleaned up by the ICR optimizer for
typep.  We can also set the derived type for Refs to the intersection of the
available type assertions.  If we discover anything, we should consider redoing
ICR optimization, since better type information might enable more
optimizations.


\chapter{ICR finalize} % -*- Dictionary: design -*-

This pass looks for interesting things in the ICR so that we can forget about
them.  Used and not defined things are flamed about.

We postpone these checks until now because the ICR optimizations may discover
errors that are not initially obvious.  We also emit efficiency notes about
optimizations that we were unable to do.  We can't emit the notes immediately,
since we don't know for sure whether a repeated attempt at optimization will
succeed.

We examine all references to unknown global function variables and update the
approximate type accordingly.  We also record the names of the unknown
functions so that they can be flamed about if they are never defined.  Unknown
normal variables are flamed about on the fly during ICR conversion, so we
ignore them here.

We check each newly defined global function for compatibility with previously
recorded type information.  If there is no :defined or :declared type, then we
check for compatibility with any approximate function type inferred from
previous uses.



\chapter{Environment analysis}

A related change would be to annotate ICR with information about tail-recursion
relations.  What we would do is add a slot to the node structure that points to
the corresponding Tail-Info when a node is in a TR position.  This annotation
would be made in a final ICR pass that runs after cleanup code is generated
(part of environment analysis).  When true, the node is in a true TR position
(modulo return-convention incompatibility).  When we determine return
conventions, we null out the tail-p slots in XEP calls or known calls where we
decided not to preserve tail-recursion. 


In this phase, we also check for changes in the dynamic binding environment
that require cleanup code to be generated.  We just check for changes in the
Continuation-Cleanup on local control transfers.  If it changes from
an inner dynamic context to an outer one that is in the same environment, then
we emit code to clean up the dynamic bindings between the old and new
continuation.  We represent the result of cleanup detection to the back end by
interposing a new block containing a call to a funny function.  Local exits
from CATCH or UNWIND-PROTECT are detected in the same way.


|\#

The primary activity in environment analysis is the annotation of ICR with
environment structures describing where variables are allocated and what values
the environment closes over.

Each lambda points to the environment where its variables are allocated, and
the environments point back.  We always allocate the environment at the Bind
node for the sole non-let lambda in the environment, so there is a close
relationship between environments and functions.  Each ``real function" (i.e.
not a LET) has a corresponding environment.

We attempt to share the same environment among as many lambdas as possible so
that unnecessary environment manipulation is not done.  During environment
analysis the only optimization of this sort is realizing that a Let (a lambda
with no Return node) cannot need its own environment, since there is no way
that it can return and discover that its old values have been clobbered.

When the function is called, values from other environments may need to be made
available in the function's environment.  These values are said to be "closed
over".

Even if a value is not referenced in a given environment, it may need to be
closed over in that environment so that it can be passed to a called function
that does reference the value.  When we discover that a value must be closed
over by a function, we must close over the value in all the environments where
that function is referenced.  This applies to all references, not just local
calls, since at other references we must have the values on hand so that we can
build a closure.  This propagation must be applied recursively, since the value
must also be available in *those* functions' callers.

If a closure reference is known to be "safe" (not an upward funarg), then the
closure structure may be allocated on the stack.

Closure analysis deals only with closures over values, while Common Lisp
requires closures over variables.  The difference only becomes significant when
variables are set.  If a variable is not set, then we can freely make copies of
it without keeping track of where they are.  When a variable is set, we must
maintain a single value cell, or at least the illusion thereof.  We achieve
this by creating a heap-allocated "value cell" structure for each set variable
that is closed over.  The pointer to this value cell is passed around as the
"value" corresponding to that variable.  References to the variable must
explicitly indirect through the value cell.

When we are scanning over the lambdas in the component, we also check for bound
but not referenced variables.

Environment analysis emits cleanup code for local exits and markers for
non-local exits.

A non-local exit is a control transfer from one environment to another.  In a
non-local exit, we must close over the continuation that we transfer to so that
the exiting function can find its way back.  We indicate the need to close a
continuation by placing the continuation structure in the closure and also
pushing it on a list in the environment structure for the target of the exit.
[\#\#\# To be safe, we would treat the continuation as a set closure variable so
that we could invalidate it when we leave the dynamic extent of the exit point.
Transferring control to a meaningless stack pointer would be apt to cause
horrible death.]

Each local control transfer may require dynamic state such as special bindings
to be undone.  We represent cleanup actions by funny function calls in a new
block linked in as an implicit MV-PROG1.

